Mary Was There – Beginning to End

 

Mary, famed mother of Jesus of Nazareth, was the only one who witnessed from beginning-to-end the exceptional life of her son Jesus of Nazareth.[1] Like most mothers, every amazing detail about her son was memorable.

Mentioned twice in Luke before Jesus turned 13, the Gospel says Mary “treasured all these things in her heart.”[2] Nativity accounts of Gospels of Matthew and Luke could only come from Mary herself.[3]

As a girl living in Nazareth, population about 2000, research indicates Mary came of marriageable age at about 13 years old when was betrothed to Joseph.[4] Betrothal for Mary was no different than for any other Jewish girl…until she was visited by the angel Gabriel.

Mary’s remarkable life took only a moment to turn from ordinary to extraordinary. Angel Gabriel, the messenger of God, announced she would be impregnated by the Holy Spirit and would give birth to the Son of God, no doubt, shocking her to the core.[5]

Informed by Gabriel that Elizabeth was pregnant, Mary promptly traveled to visit her relative to share the experience. They had something in common – special pregnancies.

Elizabeth had been married for many years, but had been childless. Even Zechariah, her husband, who learned of her pregnancy from the angel, Gabriel, had still doubted Elizabeth becoming pregnant because of her age.[6]

Merely a few days pregnant, even before Mary herself experienced any physical changes from the pregnancy, Elizabeth affirmed Mary was pregnant the moment she arrived. Mary then gave a 10 verse praise of God.[7]

LK 1:42-44 “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the child in your womb! And who am I that the mother of my Lord should come and visit me? For the instant the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the baby in my womb leaped for joy.” (NET)

Mary went back home to Nazareth three months later when it was time for Elizabeth to give birth to her son, later becoming known as John the Baptist. No other interaction between Jesus and John are recorded until Jesus was baptized.

Giving birth to Jesus in a stable in Bethlehem, not at home in Nazareth, came as a result of many incredible events that took Mary and Joseph to the hometown of King David. It was a short-lived visit because God warned them to leave due to King Herod seeking to kill Jesus and they quickly hid in Egypt before returning to Nazareth

A stark reminder their son was distinctively different from his siblings came when Jesus was 12 years old. Upon leaving the Passover celebration going back to Nazareth, Joseph and Mary assumed Jesus was in their traveling group, but could not find him when they arrived home.

Frantically searching for their son and going back to Jerusalem, they found Jesus sitting in the Temple courts with teachers asking questions and astounding them with his knowledge. Understandably his parents chided Jesus, but his response jarred their senses, not fully understanding his response:

LK 2:49 “Why were you looking for me? Didn’t you know that I must be in my Father’s house?” (NET)

When a wedding party ran out of wine, Mary knew Jesus could rescue the event. Knowing her son had special powers who could perform miracles, it suggests Jesus had done other miraculous things privately within their family.

Mary asked her son to save the marriage celebration and instructed servants to do whatever Jesus said. Not ready to publicly reveal his capabilities of performing miracles, in-spite-of being a grown adult, Jesus did as his mother asked performing the first publicly recorded miracle by turning pots of water into wine.[8]

At his home in Capernaum, Mary and her family tried to meet with Jesus, but they could not reach him because the crowd was too dense. Some people told Jesus his family was outside wanting to see him and Jesus responded saying that he considered those around him to be his family.[9]

Next mention of Mary was about three years later during the most dreadful of scenarios, all the more horrifying for a mother, when she watched her tortured son being executed by crucifixion.[10] What emotions she experienced can scarcely be imagined.

Much attention is made of Mary Magdalene’s Resurrection encounter at the tomb recognizing Jesus after he rose from the dead. Perhaps Jesus’ own mother and family were even better suited to confirm or refute that Jesus was alive again after his death on the cross.[11]

James, one of the half-brothers of Jesus, was willing to die for belief in his brother. According to Roman Jewish historian Josephus, James became a martyr for preaching about Jesus:

“…he [Ananus] assembled the Sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others, [or, some of his companions.]  And when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned…” – Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews [12]

From her miraculous conception, the circumstances of his birth, many of his miracles, his crucifixion to seeing him alive again, Mary was the sole witness from the beginning to the end of the life of Jesus of Nazareth. Some of the incidents have been substantiated by sources outside of the Gospels – Roman historians and Judaism and through astronomy, and archeology.

Does Mary’s witness account provide believable evidence attesting to his life?

 

Updated March 23, 2025.

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REFERENCES:

[1] Luke 1:2.
[2] Luke 2:19; 2:51. CR Luke 1:66. NASB. NASB, NIV. Luke 2:19.
[3]Northcote, James Spencer. “The Life of Mary in the Gospels.” 1856-60. <https://www.salvemariaregina.info/SalveMariaRegina/SMR-182/LifeMary14.htm> “Who was With Jesus When He Ascended?” Pathos.com. 2017. <https://www.patheos.com/blogs/christiancrier/2015/12/15/who-was-with-jesus-when-he-ascended> “Mary.” SquareSpace.com. image. 2013. <http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/498894/21585377/1357687844620/Mary-Mother-of-the-Christ-Myriam-Christian-Movie-Christian-Film-DVD-Odeya-Rush-Peter-OToole-Ben-Kingsley1.jpg?token=HQ84OGWo1X3XauVE74a6xoLFvXY%3D>
[4] “Nazareth.”  New World Encyclopedia. 2018. <https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/nazareth>  “Nazareth.” Jewish Virtual Library. 2019. <https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nazareth> Kiddushin 3b.  Sefaria. <https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.3b?lang=bi>  “Marriage.” Judaism 101. <http://www.jewfaq.org/marriage.htm>  “Majority.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10310-majority>
[5] Luke 1:26-35.
[6] Luke 1:39-45.
[7] Luke 1:39-55; CR Luke 1:8-25, 57-66.
[8] John 2:1-11. CR John 4:46.
[9] Matthew 12:46-50; Mark 3:31-34, Luke 8:21.
[10] John 19:25. CR Luke 23:49.
[11] Acts 1:12-14. CR John 2:12;
[12] Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities of the Jews. Trans. and commentary. William Whitson.  The Complete Works of Josephus. 1850. Book XX, Chapter IX.4.  <http://books.google.com/books?id=e0dAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

The King and the Eclipse

 

Historian Flavius Josephus wrote that Herod died between a lunar eclipse and a Jewish Passover. Gospels Matthew and Luke report that King Herod was alive when Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem

Identifying the end of King Herod’s life would determine the birth year of Jesus of Nazareth. While some consider this information trivial, others find it important.

Without formal or reliable Western calendars, establishing the date of Herod’s death requires piecing together such clues as the reigns of Tiberius, and his sons; the Battle of Actium; the Jewish religious calendar; astronomy data; history accounts; etc.[1]

Herod was officially designated by Caesar Augustus as King, then sanctioned by the Roman Senate to rule Judea. According to Josephus, King Herod ruled for 37 years until his death that occurred between these bookend events:

“But Herod deprived this Matthias of the high priesthood, and burnt the other Matthias, who had raised a sedition with his companions, alive. And that very night, there was an eclipse of the moon.”[2]

“…and when the public morning for the king was over…at the feast of unleavened bread, which was now at hand, and is by the Jews called the Passover…” – Antiquities[3]

Lunar factual data is obtained via the science of astronomy provided by NASA and the Jewish Passover which always occurs with the first full moon of the year. Determining the actual year of Herod’s death is dependent upon both a lunar eclipse and another factor, the rule of Philip, Herod’s son.

Philip was awarded a tetrarchy by Caesar Augustus as part of the inheritance of King Herod.[4] According to the Gutenberg-printed Antiquities, Philip ruled for 37 years when he died in “the twentieth year of the reign of Tiberius”(Herod in the excerpt is Herod Antipas):[5]

“…Philip, Herod’s brother, departed this life, in the twentieth year of the reign of Tiberius after he had been tetrarch of Trachonitis, and Gaulonitis, and of the nation of Bataneana also thirty-seven years.” – Josephus (*printed)

An important factor in the 4 BC timeline date for historians is a lunar eclipse. NASA’s astronomy lunar eclipse data for Jerusalem confirms a partial eclipse with less-than-half coverage lunar occurred on March 13, 4 BC, between 1:32 am and 3:50 AM and the following Passover fell on April 10th.[6]

Thus, secular history marks Herod’s death in 3 BC strongly supported by this lunar eclipse in 4 BC. It seems relatively simple – from Tiberius’s twentieth year of rule (14 + 20), subtract the 37 years of Philips rule and it lands in 3 BC.[7]

Aside from the partial lunar eclipse in 4 BC, finding other known secular historical events corroborating this timeline has proven to be challenging. Examples: Caesar Augustus taking a census and Quirinius governing in Syria in 4 BC.[8]

NASA’s astronomy data provides a game-changing fact. January 9, 1 BC, a full lunar eclipse over Jerusalem began at 10:22 PM spanning to 3:53 AM, January 10. Passover in 1 BC was observed on April 6, twelve and half weeks later.[9]

Josephus described in detail events that transpired between the lunar eclipse and the Passover, especially after the King’s death. The question is whether all the events described by Josephus could have taken place in four weeks between the Kings death and the Passover or if 12 ½ weeks is more realistic.

When word of the King’s death reached abroad, many traveled to Herod’s funeral in Jericho from throughout Judea and from other countries that included foreign dignitaries and militaries. The following funeral procession lasted for many days to Herod’s final resting place in Herodium 30 miles away.

One of Herod’s sons, Archelaus, extended the mourning period after his interment to seven days and then gave a feast for all the people in Judea before the upcoming Passover. When the festival occurred days later, Archelaus sailed away to Rome with his family after attempting to quell civil unrest.

Further upending the 4 BC date reckoning was Biblical hobbyist David Beyer who traveled to various libraries around the world that held older handwritten copies of Antiquities. He discovered that all handwritten copies originally stated Philip died in the 22nd year of the reign of Tiberius.[10]

Beyer’s discovery adjusts the beginning of Philip’s rule to the years of 2-1 BC and changed the calculus of the death of King Herod. The discovery also aligns with other historical information.

Agrippa was given Philip’s tetrarchy by Caligula when, logically, it is unlikely the governance tetrarchy would remain vacated for 3 years if Philip had died in 33 AD. In 36 AD, Aretas and Antipas went to war “when all of Herod’s [Antipas] army was destroyed by the treachery of some fugitives, who, though they were of the tetrarchy of Philip, joined with Aretas’s army.”[11]

Additionally, archeological, historical and astronomy records tracing to 2 BC coincide with other historical timeline events:  the Silver Anniversary of Caesar Augustus and his Pater Patriae registration decree; archeological discoveries of Quirinius governing in Syria; and the Battle of Actium marking the beginning date of Herod’s reign.[12]

A lunar eclipse is the key to both scenarios. A partial lunar eclipse in 4 BC followed by the Passover less than 4 weeks later vs. a full lunar eclipse in 1 BC with the Passover 12½ weeks later.

Did Herod die in 4 BC or 1 BC?

 

Updated November 21, 2025.

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

REFERENCES:

[1] Livius.org. Ed. Jona Lendering. 2017. <http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodians/herod_the_great01.html> “The Actium Project.” New World Encyclopedia. The University of South Florida and the Greek Ministry of Culture. Dir. William M. Murray. Research Project. 1997. <http://luna.cas.usf.edu/~murray/actium/brochure.html>  Chesser, Preston. “The Battle of Actium.” Ohio State University. 2002. <http://ehistory.osu.edu/articles/battle-actium> Gertoux, Gerard. “Herod the Great and Jesus: Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence.” Academia.edu. n.d. <https://www.academia.edu/2518046/ Gertoux, Gerard. “Dating the death of Herod.”2015 Academia.edu. <http://www.academia.edu/2518046/Dating_the_death_of_Herod/a> “World History 50-0 BC.”  HistoryCentral.com.  MultiEducator, Inc. n.d. <http://www.historycentral.com/dates/50bc.html> Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7598-herod->  “Tiberius.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2023. <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tiberius>  Wolfram, Chuck.  “The Herodian Dynasty.” 2004. <http://web.archive.org/web/20151013221102/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cwolfram/herod> Martin, Ernest L. The Star of Bethlehem – The Star That Astonished the World. 2nd Ed. 2003. Chapter 13. A.S.K. (Associates for Scriptural Knowledge.  <://web.archive.org/web/20170917115234/http://www.askelm.com/star/star015.htm>  Bunson, Matthew.  Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. “Astronomy.” 2002. <https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816045624> San José, Juan Antonio Revilla. “On the Year of Herod’s Death.”  A partial translation from “La Fecha de Muerte de Herodes y La Estrella de Belén.” pp 14, 140.  1999.  Astrology of the New Centaurs. <http://www.expreso.co.cr/centaurs/steiner/herod.html>  “Tiberius.”BBC. 2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tiberius.shtml>
[2] Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities of the Jews. Trans. and commentary. William Whitson. The Complete Works of Josephus. Book XVII, Chapter VI.4. 1850. <http://books.google.com/books?id=e0dAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false>
[3] Josephus. Antiquities. Trans. and commentary. William Whitson. The Complete Works of Josephus. Book XVII, Chapter IX.3. Josephus, Flavius. Wars of the Jews. Trans. and commentary. William Whitson. The Complete Works of Josephus. Book II, Chapter I.2. 1850. <http://books.google.com/books?id=e0dAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Josephus. Antiquities. Book XVII, Chapter XI.4. Josephus. Wars. Book II, Chapter 6.3.
[5] Josephus. Antiquities. Book XVIII, Chapters IV.6. (printed copy).
[6] Espenak, Fred. “Javascript Lunar Eclipse Explorer.” NASA Eclipse Website. n.d.  Asia and Asia Minor – Jerusalem, Israel. Century Selection -0001 – 0100. <https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/JLEX/JLEX-AS.html> Total Lunar Eclipse.  Pilot&Today. image. 2014. <https://cdn.steamboatpilot.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/06/TotalLunarEclipse_122110.jpg>
[7] Villalba i Varneda, Pere. The Historical Method of Flavius Josephus. 1986. p14, pt #8.  <http://books.google.com/books?id=kdUUAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA14&ots=2ek7SgCy2c&dq=josephus%2C%20battle%20of%20actium%2C%20herod&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=josephus,%20battle%20of%20actium,%20herod&f=false>  Schaff, Philip. “Chronology of the Life of Christ.” History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. A.D. 1-100. Chapter 2. 1890.  Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 2005. <http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc1.i.II_1.16.html> Sieffert, F. “Census.” The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. II:  Basilica – Chambers. 1952. <http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc02/htm/iv.vi.ccxxx.htm> “Philip the Tetrarch.” Fandom. n.d. <https://bible.fandom.com/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch> Bernegger, P.M. “Affirmation of Herod’s Death in 4 B.C.” Journal of Theological Studies Vol. 34, no 2, pp 526-531. 1983.  Schurer, Emil.  A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. Volume 1. 1890. <http://books.google.com/books?id=BRynO3W9FPcC&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=Tiberius&f=false>
[8] Davis, John D. “Quirinius” (Quirinus), cwui-rin’i-us, Publius Sulpicious.” The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. IX: Petri – Reuchlin. 1953. <http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc09/htm/iv.vi.xii.htm>  Ramsay, William M.  “Was Christ Born in Bethlehem?” Chapter 11. 2010. <http://biblehub.com/library/ramsay/was_christ_born_in_bethlehem/index.html> Villalba i Varneda, Pere. The Historical Method of Flavius Josephus. The Historical Method of Flavius Josephus.” pp 15 -16, pts. 8-10.
[9] Espenak. “Javascript Lunar Eclipse Explorer.” NASA Eclipse Website. n.d.  Asia and Asia Minor – Jerusalem, Israel. Century Selection -0001 – 0100.  Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius.” Chronos, Kairos, Christos II.  Ed.  Jerry Vardaman. 1998. <http://books.google.com/books?id=mWnYvI5RdLMC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A0865545820&pg=PA85#v=snippet&q=beyer&f=false> Jachowski, Raymond. Academa.Edu. “The Death of Herod the Great and the Latin Josephus: Re-Examining the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius.” n.d. <https://www.academia.edu/19833193/The_Death_of_Herod_the_Great_and_the_Latin_Josephus_Re_Examining_the_Twenty_Second_Year_of_Tiberius>
[10] Beyer, David W.  “Josephus Reexamined:  Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius.” Chronos, Kairos, Christos Kidger, Mark R.  “The Date of Passover 11BC – 10AD.” Mark Kidger`s Comet and Asteroid Observing Home Page. n.d. http://www.observadores-cometas.com/cometas/Star/Passover.html> “Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius.” Chronos, Kairos, Christos II.  Ed.  Jerry Vardaman. 1998. <http://books.google.com/books?id=mWnYvI5RdLMC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A0865545820&pg=PA85#v=snippet&q=beyer&f=false> Jachowski. Academia.Edu. “The Death of Herod the Great and the Latin Josephus:  Re-Examining the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius.” Kidger. “The Date of Passover 11BC – 10AD.
[11] Josephus. Antiquities. Book XVII, Chapter VI.4; Book XVIII, Chapter V.1.  Josephus. Wars. Book II, Chapter IX.5.” “Herod Antipas.” Britannica Encyclopedia. 2022. <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-Antipas> “Aretas.” Bible History. 2022. <https://bible-history.com/links/aretas-1067>
 “Antipas and Rome.” Bible-History. n.d. <https://bible-history.com/herod-antipas/antipas-and-rome> “Aretas.” Encyclopedia.com. n.d. <https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aretas>
[12] Gertoux, Gerard. “Dating the two Censuses of Quirinius.” 2018. Academia.edu. <http://www.academia.edu/3184175/Dating_the_two_Censuses_of_Quirinius>  Josephus. Antiquities. Book XVII. Chapter VII. Josephus. Wars. Book I, Chapter XXXIII; Book II, Chapter XIX.  “Augustus.”  UNRV History |The Roman Empire. United Nations of Roma Victrix. 2017. <http://www.unrv.com/fall-republic/augustus.php

Joseph’s Dilemma With Mary

 

Joseph’s reactions to the extreme circumstances surrounding Mary’s pregnancy reveals truths about her as well as himself. His behavior affected the Nativity story much more than it may seem.

Most likely Joseph knew Mary through community interactions in Nazareth, such as during the harvest or through their Synagogue.[1] He would have been familiar with her family’s reputation and had confidence that she was a marriageable virgin, a very important factor in their conservative Jewish society.[2]

Betrothals typically lasted for a year during which time Joseph was expected to be very busy.[3] As a bridegroom, in addition to paying the traditional bride-price, he had other financial obligations such as preparing their new home and sponsoring a 3-day wedding feast for their guests.[4]

Ketubah, 1063 AD

Initially, Joseph had few worries about the virtuous nature of his prospective bride. By law, a marriage contract called a ketubah legally declared Mary to be a virgin; the terms of their marriage; and was signed by the family witnesses who vetted Mary.

Joseph would not become aware of Mary’s pregnancy until sometime after her 3pmonth trip to visit her cousin Elizabeth near Jerusalem. It is unclear exactly when he discovered she was pregnant, but Matthew‘s use of the Greek word heurisko meaning “to hit upon…to find (by chance),” it was a big surprise when he did find out![5]

Overwhelming emotions by Joseph would be expected – hurt and anger followed by resentment, embarrassment, doubt, uncertainty, temptations of vengefulness  and other mixed feelings. Then the big question – what to do next?

Why would a bridegroom want to marry his bride-to-be who was carrying a child fathered by someone else? Perhaps the most telling evidence of a truth that Joseph was not the father of Mary’s child is his reaction to the situation.

Legal recourse of a divorce during their betrothal as an option. For him, it was a legitimate escape avenue for Mary’s seemingly obvious indiscretion and Jewish law favored his position – plus, he only had to make the accusation of adultery.[6]

Very strong circumstantial evidence supported such a charge. Joseph only needed to point to Mary’s state of pregnancy that began while she was out-of-town on a 3-month trip without him to visit her cousin, Elizabeth.[7]

Consequences of a divorce weighed heavily on Joseph. Not only would it destroy Mary’s reputation and cause financial loss to both Mary and her family, a public accusation of infidelity could carry a charge of adultery – stoning would not have been out of the question.[8]

Attesting to Joseph’s honorable character, he was seeking to quietly settle the divorce. It would, in effect, minimize embarrassment to Mary, her family and possibly avoid the public charge of adultery.[9]

As an unknown factor, playing the divorce card would also have immediately ended the royal inheritance rights of the unborn Jesus.[10] Joseph unwittingly did not consider this scenario.

Moving forward with the marriage had many downsides although it would be the expected behavior of a man who believed himself to be the father of his betrothal’s baby. Accidental pregnancies during betrothals were a reality and were frowned upon, especially by Rabbis who dealt with these instances by allowing the couple to move up their wedding date and get on with life as a married couple.[11]

Bill of Divorce or “Get”

If Joseph stayed with his pregnant betrothal, their community of family, friends and neighbors would assume the pregnancy was a result of his own doing, even if it wasn’t. Joseph would have to endure the undeserving consequences of facing public scorn and humiliation while swallowing his pride and overcoming his personal feelings.

It would take a big man. Few men would do it. Unexpectedly, Joseph decided not to pursue a divorce.

Joseph set aside all his negative emotions and feelings to honor his marriage commitment to Mary knowing he was not the father of her child while willingly accepting the consequences that would come with it. What caused this sudden change of heart was not to be expected.

Matthew reports the game-changing moment came from a visit by “an angel of the Lord.” He delivered a message from God telling Joseph that Mary’s conception was from the Holy Spirit, her child would be a boy to be named Immanuel which Joseph understood to mean “Jesus.”[12]

Actions speak louder than words, volumes in this case. Does Joseph’s behavior play a key role in determining if the conception and birth of Jesus of Nazareth was a fulfillment of the Isaiah 7:14 prophecy?

 

Updated July 20, 2025.

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

REFERENCES:

[1] Brayer, Menachem M. The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature. 1986. pp 68-69. <http://books.google.com/books?id=GhPxFOCdQj4C&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=sex+betrothal+jewish&source=web&ots=G4jLlub8y9&sig=gnkOuPI8xLKvYl57J9PR9VY3kVg#PPA143,M1>
[2] Deuteronomy 22:15, 19. Brayer. The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature. pp 57, 59, 61. “Marriage Laws.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10435-marriage-laws>
[3] “Betrothal.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3229-betrothal> Brayer.  The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature. p 62.  Edersheim.  The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 1883. Book II, Chapter 4.  https://philologos.org/__eb-lat/book204.htm> Thompson, James C.  Women in the Ancient World. July 2010.  “Women in Ancient Israel” > “Women and the Law in Ancient Israel.” <http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/women%20and%20the%20law%20in%20ancient%20israel.htm>
[4] Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Ed. Isidore Epstein. Kethuboth 3b. 1935-1948. <https://israelect.com/Come-and-Hear/kethuboth/kethuboth_3.html>  Missler, Chuck. “The Wedding Model.” Koinonia House, Inc. 2018. <http://www.khouse.org/articles/2003/449/#notes>  Brayer. The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature. p 70.  “Marriage Contract for Shelamzion and Judah.” K. C. Hanson’s Collection of Greek Documents. 128 AD. photo. <http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/greek/marrcon.html
[5] Matthew 1:18. Net.bible.org. Greek text. “heurisko <2147>.” Lexicondorance.com. <http://lexiconcordance.com/greek/2147.html>
[6] “Adultery.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/865-adultery>
[7] Matthew 1:18, 39-43; Luke 1:39, 56. Edersheim. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. p 586. “Adultery.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. Brayer, Menachem M. The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature. pp 192-193. <http://books.google.com/books?id=GhPxFOCdQj4C&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=sex+betrothal+jewish&source=web&ots=G4jLlub8y9&sig=gnkOuPI8xLKvYl57J9PR9VY3kVg#PPA143,M1>
[8] Deuteronomy 22:20-21, 23-24. John 8:2-7.  “Adultery.” Jewish Encyclopedia.  “Marriage Laws.” Jewish Encyclopedia.  “Marriage Ceremonies.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10434-marriage-ceremonies> Josephus, Flavius. Against Apion. Book II, #25. Trans. and commentary William Whitson. The Complete Works of Josephus. 1850. <http://books.google.com/books?id=e0dAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false>  Thompson,“Women in the Ancient World.”  Edersheim.  The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. Book II, Chapter 4.
[9] Matthew 1:19.  Schneerson; Menachem M. “The Betrothed.” Chabad org. 2018. <http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/296931/jewish/The-Betrothed.htm>  “Marriage Ceremonies” & “Adultery.” Jewish Encyclopedia.
[10] Matthew 1:19. “Divorce.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5238-divorce> Edersheim, Alfred. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 1883. Book II, Chapter 4. <http://philologos.org/__eb-lat/default.htm
[11] Brayer. The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature. pp 143-144, 146-147.  Lamm, Maurice. The Jewish Way in Love & Marriage. 2018. Section “Celebrating the Marriage Covenant” > Chapter “Jewish Betrothal Blessing;” Section “The Structure of The Marriage Covenant” > Chapter “The Jewish Marriage Ceremony.”  <http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/465140/jewish/The-Jewish-Way-in-Love-Marriage.htm>   Edersheim. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. Book II, Chapter 4, footnote #27.  “Ḳiddushin.”’ Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9310-kiddushin>
[12] Matthew 1. Edersheim. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. Book II, Chapter 4.