Micah’s Unique Bethlehem Prophecy

Posted on by K.B. Vogelman

Micah’s Unique Bethlehem Prophecy

Prophecies throughout the Scriptures foretell many things about the Messiah, but only one prophecy foretells the location from where he would come forth – Bethlehem Ephrathah.^[1]

^{Micah 5:2} “But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, Though you are little among the thousands of Judah, Yet out of you shall come forth to Me The One to be Ruler in Israel, Whose goings forth are from of old, From everlasting.” –New King James Version

Translations of the Micah prophecy in the Jewish and Greek Bibles are in harmony in English translations, although in almost all Jewish Bibles, the prophecy appears one verse earlier:

^{Micah 5:1} But thou, Beth-lehem Ephrathah, which art little to be among the thousands of Judah, out of thee shall one come forth unto Me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth are from of old, from ancient days.” – Jewish Publication Society^[2]

^{Micah 5:2} And thou, Bethleem, house of Ephratha, art few in number to be reckoned among the thousands of Juda; yet out of thee shall one come forth to me, to be a ruler of Israel; and his goings forth were from the beginning, even from eternity.” – Septuagint LXX ^[3]

Hebrew text translation of Micah’s prophecy that does not explicitly say Mashiach (Hebrew for “Messiah”) opens the door to controversy over its meaning. One noteworthy exception is the Targum Jonathan, the Aramaic Talmud translation, which uses the word Mashiach, :^[4]

“Out of thee Bethlehem shall Mashiach go forth before me, to exercise dominion over Israel. Whose name has been spoken of Old from the day of Eternity.” – Targum Jonathan

Counterviews, in essence, contend the future ruler of Israel would possess no messianic qualities where some argue the “ruler of Israel” refers to a future general or that Bethlehem Ephrathah refers to a family clan, not a town location. Others claim the meaning of the “days of old” and “ancient times” refers to the golden area of David’s reign some 300 years earlier and even a few go so far as to say Targum Jonathan was mistranslated.^[5]

All sides agree this is a prophecy about a future ruler of Israel who will come from the lineage of David. Barring mis-stranslation, the controversy hinges on one of two scenarios: would the future ruler come forth from the physical location of Bethlehem Ephrathah OR is he merely a descendant from the Biblical family clan, the firstborn son of Ephrathah named Bethlehem?^[6]

Detractors of the prophecy foretelling the town is the birth location of the Messiah are lined up against some very highly respected Jewish sages. Comments by Rabbi Rashi, revered as a Jewish sage on the Talmud Mishnah, appear in The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary:^[7]

“Bethlehem, Looking Towards the Dead Sea” by David Roberts – 1853

“And you, Bethlehem Ephrathah”: [Rashi:] whence David emanated, as it is stated (I Sam. 17:58): “The son of your bondsman, Jesse the Bethlehemite.” And Bethlehem is called Ephrath, as it is said (Gen. 48:7): “On the road to Ephrath, that is Bethlehem.”

“from you shall emerge for Me”: [Rashi:] the Messiah, son of David, and so Scripture says (Ps. 118:22): “The stone the builders had rejected became a cornerstone.”

“and his origin is from of old”: [Rashi:] “Before the sun his name is Yinnon” (Ps. 72:17).

Rashi specifically identified the future ruler of Israel as “the Messiah, Son of David.” He also commented, the name “Yinnon” (Yinon) has been his name since “before the sun.”

Talmud Nedarim 39b says the name of the Messiah has existed before the world and the Sun and shall endure forever.^[8] Sanhedrin 98b identifies Yinnon along with Shiloh and other names for the Messiah (Moshiach) along with a quote from the Isaiah 52-53 parashah, considered by many to be a Messiah prophecy, too.^[9]

Medieval era Rabbi David Kimchi (Kimhi or Radak) is highly regarded by Jewish authorities for his written comments in the margins of the Torah 1347 edition, The Prophets.^[10] A translation of Kimchi’s commentary on the Micah prophecy said:^[11]

“And this is King Christ and it means to be you avoided in the cities of thousands of young Judah now against them and though yes from you Christ came to me because of David’s seed. Who was from Bethlehem will be and that is what he said and his origins promoted from the world because the origins of the Messiah at that time would say that a long time ago were from Bethlehem it is David because there is a long time between David and the King of Christ and it is to him that he was from ancient times…”

Further evidence of a special status for Bethlehem is found earlier in the Book of Micah. A contemporary prophet to Isaiah, Micah prophesied judgment of utter destruction for 10 towns or cities by name in the land of Abraham that would experience God’s wrath – Bethlehem was not one of them.^[12]

Nazareth was the expected birthplace of Jesus and it appeared nothing was be able to change that – except for a Roman Caesar. Months in the making, the decree of Augustus announced by the Town Crier set in motion the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem 90 miles away.

Meanwhile, Magi, already traveling in parallel time, were destined to arrive in Bethlehem. At that single moment in time, Joseph and Mary were also temporarily in Bethlehem…where Jesus was born.

King Herod’s expert Jewish religious council of chief priests and scribes believed Micah’s prophecy foretold the future “King of the Jews” or Christos would come forth from the location of the nearby town, Bethlehem Ephrathah. According to Matthew, the Magi did indeed find Jesus in Bethlehem and worshiped the child while Herod sought to kill him.

If Micah’s prophecy foretells the Messiah would come from Bethlehem Ephrathah, was the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem a fulfillment of this prophecy?

Updated September 26, 2024.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

REFERENCES:

[i] Killian, Greg (Hillel ben David). “Bethlehem – Beit Lechem – The House of Bread.” Betemunah.org. n.d. <http://www.betemunah.org/bethlehem.html> “Bethlehem.” Lexicon-Concordance Online Bible. n.d <http://www.eliyah.com/cgi-bin/strongs.cgi?file=hebrewlexicon&isindex=bethlehem>[2] Jewish Publication Society (JPS) translation. 1917. Benyamin Pilant. 1997. <http://www.breslov.com/bible/Micah5.htm#5>
[3] English Translation of the Greek Septuagint Bible. Trans. Brenton, Lancelot C. L. 1851. <http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/Michaeas/index.htm>
[4] “Targum.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14248-targum> “Historical Jewish Sources.” The Preterist Archive. “Overview: About Targums.” n.d. <http://www.preteristarchive.com/BibleStudies/JewishSources/Targums/index.html>
[5] “Jesus Christ is a False Messiah.” Ed. Chris Thiefe. EvilBible.com. Point #8, A & B. <https://www.evilbible.com/do-not-ignore-the-old-testament/jesus-is-a-false-messiah> “Jesus of Bethlehem.” MessianicJewishTruth.com. n.d. <http://web.archive.org/web/20131103080951/http://www.messianicjewishtruth.com/Jesusbethlehem.html> “Who will emerge from Bethlehem.” Teshuvas HaMinim. 2011. <http://web.archive.org/web/20120902023316/http://www.teshuvashaminim.com/michah51.html>
[6] I Chronicles 4:4. CR I Chronicles 2:19, 24, 50.
[7] Bolding and brackets added by author. The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi’s Commentary. Micah – Chapter 5. Roberts, David. The Victorian Web. “Bethlehem, Looking Toward the Dead Sea.” image. 1853. <https://victorianweb.org/painting/roberts/paintings/5.html>
[8] “Nedarim 39b.” Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Ed. Isidore Epstein. 1935-1948. <https://israelect.com/Come-and-Hear/nedarim/nedarim_39.html#39b_11>
[9] Sanhedrin 98b. Soncino Babylonian Talmud. 1935-1948. <https://israelect.com/Come-and-Hear/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_98.html> “Nedarim 39b.” Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Steinsaltz, Adin. “Masechet Sanhedrin 98a-104b.” Orthodox Union. 2010. <https://www.ou.org/life/torah/masechet_sanhedrin_98a104b>
[10] “Kimhi” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9320-kimhi> Marlowe, Michael. Editions of the Hebrew Text of the Bible. Bible Research. “The Incunabula.” 2012. <http://www.bible-researcher.com/hebrew-editions.html> Rosenau, William. Jewish Biblical Commentators. 1906. pp 87-91. <http://www.archive.org/stream/jewishbiblicalco00rose/jewishbiblicalco00rose_djvu.txt> Mindel, Nissan. “Rabbi David Kimchi – RaDaK.” Chabad.org. 2019. <http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/111880/jewish/Rabbi-David-Kimchi-RaDaK.htm>
[11] “Redak on Micah.” Micah 5:1. Sefaria.org. Hebrew text translated using Google Translate. <https://www.sefaria.org/Radak_on_Micah.5.1.1?lang=bi> CR Yehoshua, Avram. “Messiah’s Diety and Micah 5:2.” Quote cited from Mikraoth Gedoloth. n.d. <http://seedofabraham.net/Messiahs-Deity-and-Micah-5.2.pdf>
[12] Micah 1: Gath, Beth Leaphrah, Shaphir, Aaanan, Beth Ezel, Maroth, Jerusalem, Lachish, Achzib, and Mareshah. Wood, Leon J. “Eighth-Century Prophets: Isaiah and Micah.” 1979. <http://www.ldolphin.org/isaiah/woodisaiah.html> Miller, Fred P. “The Prophecy Of Micah.” 2016. <http://www.moellerhaus.com/Micah/micahcom.htm>

Rabbi Rashi and the Messiah Prophecies

Posted on by K.B. Vogelman

Rabbi Rashi and the Messiah Prophecies

Rabbi Rashi is considered by Judaism to be one of the greatest interpreters of the Talmud. He emerged at a time when the Dark Ages were transitioning from rule by barbarian tribes like the Huns, Goths and Franks into the feudal era when kings, queens, knights & lords ruled Europe.^[1]

In the year 1040, Shlomoh Yitzha was born in Troyes, France, and as a Rabbi, Rashi was renowned for his wisdom and interpretation of the Talmud in simple terms.^[2] Jewish academies widely accepted and valued his commentaries mostly captured and documented by his students.^[3]

Commentaries of Rashi include some prophecies foretelling the arrival of the Messiah recognized as such by Christian authorities. One of the earliest is found in Jacob’s blessing of his son, Judah:

^{Gen 49:8-10} “Judah, [as for] you, your brothers will acknowledge you. Your hand will be at the nape of your enemies, [and] your father’s sons will prostrate themselves to you. A cub [and] a grown lion is Judah. From the prey, my son, you withdrew. He crouched, rested like a lion, and like a lion, who will rouse him? The scepter [shebet] shall not depart from Judah, nor the student of the law from between his feet, until Shiloh comes, and to him will be a gathering of peoples.” _{(The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary)}

Rashi’s interpretation of Jacob’s prophecy included three prophetic aspects:

like a lion, David would become like a lion when the people made him their king.

The scepter represents the royal lineage of “David and thereafter.”

Shiloh refers specifically to “King Messiah, to whom the kingdom belongs.”^[4]

Another Messiah prophecy involved Moabite King Balak who realized his army could not defeat the Hebrew’s. His strategy, instead, was to press the prophet Balaam to place a curse on the approaching Hebrew nation, but Balaam’s response was a prophecy doing just the opposite:

^{Num 24:17} “I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not near; A star shall come forth from Jacob, A scepter [shebet] shall rise from Israel, And shall crush through the forehead of Moab, And tear down all the sons of Sheth.” _NASB

Rashi commented the opening phrase refers to the “greatness of Jacob” at a future time. Hebrew word shebet is translated in the Jewish version as “staff” whereas the same word is earlier translated as “scepter” in Jacob’s blessing prophecy.^[6] Consistently, the Rabbi’s commentary says shebet represents “a king who rules dominantly.

Hebrew text translations vary slightly between Christian and Jewish Bibles where a word in Hebrew text must be deciphered by translators. Christian Bible translations typically read “I see him, but not now;” Jewish Bible translations read “I see it, but not now” although the context inferred by the remainder of the prophecy is about a king.^[5]

Micah 5:1/2 is recognized by Rashi as a prophecy making specific reference to a future ruler of Israel who comes from Bethlehem Ephrathah, the home town of King David. Although opposed by some Jewish authorities, Rashi believed this to be a specific Messiah prophecy.^[7]

^{Mich 5:1 (or v.2)} “And you, Bethlehem Ephrathah – you should have been the lowest of the clans of Judah-from you [he] shall emerge for Me, to be a ruler over Israel; and his origin is from of old, from days of yore.” – The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary

“And you, Bethlehem Ephrathah”: [Rashi] “whence David emanated, as it is stated (I Sam. 17:58): “The son of your bondsman, Jesse the Bethlehemite.” And Bethlehem is called Ephrath, as it is said (Gen. 48:7): “On the road to Ephrath, that is Bethlehem.”

“you should have been the lowest of the clans of Judah”: [Rashi] You should have been the lowest of the clans of Judah because of the stigma of Ruth the Moabitess in you.

“from you shall emerge for Me”: [Rashi] the Messiah, son of David, and so Scripture says (Ps. 118:22): “The stone the builders had rejected became a cornerstone.”

“and his origin is from of old”: [Rashi] “Before the sun his name is Yinnon” (Ps. 72:17).

Commenting on “the stigma of Ruth the Moabitess,” Rashi said it is the reason Bethlehem is called “the lowest of the clans of Judah.” Expressing his distaste of Ruth, a Gentile, it was unsavory to have a Gentile in a Hebrew lineage.^[8]

Ruth was the Moabite daughter-in-law of the Hebrew Naomi, whose inheritance was lost by the deaths of her sons, it was redeemed by marriage to the Hebrew Boaz. As the grandparents of Jesse, they were the great grandparents of King David.

Boaz was the son of Salmon who had married Rahab, a Gentile prostitute who hid two Hebrew spies being sought by the Jericho King’s posse.^[9] As a reward, Rahab was spared by the Hebrews when they destroyed Jericho.^[10]

Leaving no doubt his interpretation of Micah 5:1/2 is a Messiah prophecy, Rashi explicitly said the future ruler of Israel would be “the Messiah, Son of David” referring to Psalms 118:22. The Messiah’s divine characteristic, “his origin is from of old,” is called Yinnon by Rashi, a Hebrew epithet meaning “be continued.”^[11]

Zechariah 12:10 is a prophecy foretelling the Messiah’s manner of death, according to Rashi. Taking a side in the split view of Talmud contributors in Talmud Sukkah 52, he commented, “And our Sages expounded this in tractate Sukkah (52a) as referring to the Messiah, son of Joseph, who was slain.”^[12]

Christianity’s agreement with Rashi on the Messiah prophecies of Jacob, Balaam, Micah and Zechariah, part company on another prophecy, Isaiah 7:14.^[13] Isaiah’s prophecy, Rashi taught, was not about a virgin birth of the Messiah, rather it referred to Manoah’s wife, mother of Sampson, the Biblical strongman.^[14]

As a Rabbi, Rashi obviously did not believe Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah primarily due to a particular disqualifying reason. Specifically it was the circumstances of his death, according to JewishEncyclopedia.com citing Rashi – Jesus was hanged:

“The very form of his punishment would disprove those claims in Jewish eyes. No Messiah that Jews could recognize could suffer such a death; for “He that is hanged is accursed of God” (Deut. xxi. 23), ‘an insult to God’ (Targum, Rashi).”^[15] – Jewish Encyclopedia

Crucifixion of Jesus as a historical fact nor the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem in the royal lineage of the House of David is undisputed in that era by Judaism. Ultimately, the question between Christianity and Judaism remains…what are the odds Jesus of Nazareth was a fulfillment of the Messiah prophecies?

Updated August 1, 2024.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

REFERENCES:

[1] “Dark Ages.” New World Encyclopedia. 2013. <http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Dark_Ages> “Middle Ages,” “Feudalism,” & “Renaissance.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2017. <https://www.britannica.com/event/Middle-Ages> <https://www.britannica.com/topic/feudalism> <https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance> “feudal system.” Vocabulary.com. n.d. <https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/feudal%20system>
[2] “Rashi (Solomon Bar Isaac).” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12585-rashi-solomon-bar-isaac> “Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Rashi).” Chabad.org. 2017. <http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/rabbi-shlomo-yitzchaki-rashi> Segal, Eliezer. “Rashi’s Commentary on the Talmud.” University of Calgary. n.d. <http://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/Rashi.html> “RASHI – רש״י.” Geni. photo. 2022. <https://www.geni.com/people/RASHI-%D7%A8%D7%A9-%D7%99/6000000006709501378>
[3] “Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Rashi).” Chabad.org.
[4] Rashi. The Compete Jewish Bible – with Rashi Commentary. Gensis 49. <http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9952#showrashi=true> “Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki).” Jewish Virtual Library. 2017. Mindel, Nissan. “Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Rashi).” Chabad.org.
[5] Net.bible.org. Hebrew text. <http://classic.net.bible.org/bible.php>
[6] Net.bible.org. Hebrew text shebet <07626> Numbers 24:17. Rashi. The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary Commentary.
[7] “Jesus of Bethlehem.” MessianicJewishTruth.com. n.d. Archive.org. 2013. <http://web.archive.org/web/20131103080951/http://www.messianicjewishtruth.com/Jesusbethlehem.html> “Who will emerge from Bethlehem.” Teshuvas HaMinim. 2011. Archive.org. 2012. <http://web.archive.org/web/20120902023316/http://www.teshuvashaminim.com/michah51.html>
[8] Mendel. “Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki).”
[9] Joshua 2.
[10] Joshua 6:25; I Chronicles 2:11; Matthew 1:5.
[11] Yinon (Yinnon).” eTeacherHebrew.com. 2016. <http://eteacherhebrew.com/Hebrew-Names/yinon-yinnon> Interlinear Bible. Psalms 72:17. BibleHub.com. 2014. <http://biblehub.com/interlinear>
[12] The Compete Jewish Bible – with Rashi Commentary. Zechariah 12:10 <http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/63255/jewish/The-Bible-with-Rashi.htm> Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Sukkah 52a. <http://www.halakhah.com/rst/moed/16b%20-%20Succah%20-%2029b-56b.pdf>
[13] The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary. Isaiah , Chapter 7. “Who is the Almah’s son?” Teshuvas HaMinim. 2011. Archive.org. 2012. <http://web.archive.org/web/20120425022737/http://www.teshuvashaminim.com/isaiah714.html> Robinson, B.A. “Isaiah 7:14 “Behold, a virgin shall conceive…”” Religious Tolerance. 2007. <http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_proi.htm> Gill, John. John Gill’s Exposition of the Whole Bible. Isaiah 7:14. 2017. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/geb.html>
[14] The Compete Jewish Bible- with Rashi Commentary. Isaiah 7:14. CR Judges Chapter 13.
[15] “Jesus of Nazareth.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011.;

Bethlehem – An Amazing Small Town Story

Posted on by K.B. Vogelman

Bethlehem – An Amazing Small Town Story

Bethlehem had already been a town for millennia by the time Judea became a province of Rome. In many ways today’s city is no different today than it was while under Roman rule:

“…Bethlehem, today as it was 2,000 years ago, grottoes are used as livestock pens. Mangers are carved out of rock. Here, in the bulls-eye of this volatile place, ringed by Jewish settlements, imprisoned within a wall, encircled by refugee camps, hidden amid a forest of minarets, tucked below the floor of an ancient church, is a silver star. This, it’s believed, is where Jesus was born.” – National Geographic ^[1]

“House of bread” or “the dwelling of bread” is the meaning of Bethlehem while Ephrathah is a district much like a county meaning “fruitful.”^[2] Practically a suburb of Jerusalem, the city is located just 5 miles to the south.^[3]

Jacob’s wife, Rachel, died near Bethlehem while giving birth to Benjamin, Israel’s (Jacob) 12^th son and was buried just outside of the town some 2500 before the lifetime of Jesus of Nazareth. Today her tomb is a revered religious site of both Jews and Muslims.^[4]

One of the oldest cities in the world, Bethlehem should be as anonymous as are nearly all the other small Judean towns of ancient Palestine. A string of connected events over hundreds of years that would not allow the hamlet to be forgotten.

Becoming famous, the town is the location for three major occurrences. It became known as the home town of the King David of Israel; the place of the Hebrew redemption story; and the town where Jesus of Nazareth was born.

Seven generations removed from Jacob through his son, Judah, was born Boaz of Bethlehem, famous in Hebrew lore for his story of redemption, a ga’al or “goel.” Another Bethlehem resident, Naomi, and her Gentile Moabite daughter-in-law, Ruth, are part of the story.^[5]

Hebrew law allowed Boaz to redeem Naomi’s inheritance lost through a series of family deaths by marrying Ruth…if the first successor relative declined to marry her.^[6] Declining the offer, Boaz then wed Ruth wed thereby redeeming Naomi’s inheritance and had a son named Obed, the father of Jesse who appears in two messiah prophecies by the Isaiah.^[7]

Samuel, the prophet, was sent by God to Jesse’s house in Bethlehem. His mission: to anoint one of Jesse’s sons as the king-in-waiting to replace King Saul who had rejected God.^[8]

Surprising everyone, Jesse’s youngest son, the shepherd boy named David, was anointed as God’s choice to be the next king of Israel. The soon-to-be giant-slayer went on to become the most iconic king in the nation’s history.

Six Branch prophecies were issued by three prophets – Isaiah, Jeremiah, Zechariah. These Branch prophecies would foretell the future Messiah would come from House of David.^[9]

Generations after David’s reign, the prophet Micah would again shine the spotlight on Bethlehem Ephrathah prophesying the future Messiah of the tribe of Judah would come from that little town of Bethlehem. Translations of the Micah prophecy in Greek and Jewish Bibles are in agreement with the English translations…

^{Micah 5:1 (5:2)} “And you, Bethlehem Ephrathah-you should have been the lowest of the clans of Judah-from you [he] shall emerge for Me, to be a ruler over Israel; and his origin is from of old, from days of yore.” – Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary

Revered Jewish sage Rabbi Rashi commented on the prophecy. His phrase-by-phrase breakdown defines Bethlehem Ephrathah and identifies who would emerge from the town:

“from you shall emerge for Me”: [Rashi:] the Messiah, son of David, and so Scripture says (Ps. 118:22): “The stone the builders had rejected became a cornerstone.”

“and his origin is from of old”: [Rashi:] “Before the sun his name is Yinnon” (Ps. 72:17)

Talmud Sanhedrin 98b identifies Yinnon along with Shiloh and other names for the Messiah who would come from the House of David. Rabbi Johanan in the Gemara quotes from the Isaiah 52-53 parashah considered by many to be a Messiah prophecy.^[10]

About a 1000 years after the House of David was established, Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem under bizarre, unforeseen circumstances. His parents, Mary and Joseph, were compelled by a decree of Roman Caesar Augustus to travel 90 miles by foot or donkey from Nazareth to Bethlehem just days before his mother was to give birth.

On the night of the birth of Jesus, shepherds heralded by angels came to see the baby. Telling about Jesus being born in a stable, Luke’s Nativity adds he was laid in a manger for his crib.

Days later, Matthew‘s Nativity describes Magi, who came from another country after seeing “His star,” set out on a quest to find the baby. The Magi wanted to worship Jesus while unwittingly drawing the ire of King Herod who actually wanted to kill Jesus.

Murder of baby boys 2 years old and younger was ordered by King Herod when the Magi didn’t return with information where to find Jesus. The notorious incident is known as the Massacre of the Innocents and is honored on the 28th of December by the Feast of the Holy Innocents.^[11]

Today, some 2000 years later, the famed little town of Bethlehem is now the backdrop for the Christmas Nativity scene detailed by Gospels Luke and Matthew. Over the centuries the story of the Nativity scene has been condensed into one night.

Three events initiated over several months in three countries culminated in Bethlehem at the point when Jesus of Nazareth was born.

Was this an improbable coincidence or a fulfillment of prophecy?

Updated November 17, 2024.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

REFERENCES:

[1] Finkel, Michael. National Geographic. “Bethlehem 2007 A.D.”, p.65. December, 2007. Skaballanovich, Michael. Orthodox Christianity. image. n.d. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/sas/image/102817/281720.b.jpg?mtime=1515078287>
[2] Ryrie Study Bible. Ed. Ryrie Charles C. Trans. New American Standard. Moody Press. 1978. Footnote on Micah 5:2. The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi’s Commentary. Micah – Chapter 5 commentary.
[3] Map of Israel. (untitled) Google Maps. n.d. <https://www.google.com/maps/@31.743205,35.21307,13z?hl=en> Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities of the Jews. Book VII, Chapter XII. The Complete Works of Josephus. 1850. <http://books.google.com/books?id=e0dAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false>
[4] Genesis 35:16-19; 48:7. “The Story of Abraham.” The History of Israel. n.d. <http://www.israel-a-history-of.com/story-of-abraham.html> Pratt, John P. “Divine Calendars Testify of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.” JohnPratt.com. <http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/lds/meridian/2003/abraham.html> “Rachel’s Tomb.” Chabad.org. n.d. <http://www.chabad.org/special/israel/points_of_interest_cdo/aid/602502/jewish/Rachels-Tomb.htm> Roberts, David. The Victorian Web. “Bethlehem, Looking Toward the Dead Sea.” Painting. 1853. <https://victorianweb.org/painting/roberts/paintings/5.html
[5] I Chronicles 2:1-17; Ruth 3-4. Net.bible.org. Hebrew text ga’al. Ruth 2:20 <http://classic.net.bible.org/strong.php?id=01350> “Salvation” and “Hosanna.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com> [4] Matthew 1:5; 1 Chronicles 2:10; Ruth 4:21.
[6] I Sam. 16: 4. 2 Samuel 16:11-13. I Chronicles 2:13.
[7] Net.bible.org..Ruth 2:20 Hebrew text. “goel.” Dictionary.com.
[8] Isaiah 11:1-2; 10.
[9] Isaiah 7:14; 9:6; Jeremiah 23:5; 33:14-17; 33:20-26; Zechariah 12:10-12
[10] Sanhedrin 98b. Soncino Babylonian Talmud. 1935-1948. <https://israelect.com/Come-and-Hear/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_98.html> “Nedarim 39b.” Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Steinsaltz, Adin. “Masechet Sanhedrin 98a-104b.” Orthodox Union. 2010. <https://www.ou.org/life/torah/masechet_sanhedrin_98a104b>
[11] McCaulley, Esau. The New York Times. “The Bloody Fourth Day of Christmas.” image. 2019. <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/27/opinion/christmas-feast-of-innocents.html> “Feast of the Holy Innocents.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2022. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Feast-of-the-Holy-Innocents> Last accessed 8 Dec. 2023.