Author: K.B. Vogelman

K.B. Vogelman has a Bachelor of Science degree in Administration of Justice that included a 3-month internship on the Wichita Police Department. A 22-year career in retail Loss Prevention management and investigations included advanced training certification in deceptive language analysis from a renowned former Israeli Police Department polygrapher. Personally conducting company investigations, taking witness interviews and written confessions into the thousands, these were used to pursue prosecutions through engagements with local, state and Federal law enforcement agencies across 26 states. One such interstate Internet fraud investigation resulted a letter of commendation from the Director the Secret Service, United States Treasury Department. Switching careers to a top tier technology company, an on-going 14+ year tenure has produced certifications in training, Business Process Improvement, and PMP project management with global experience.

Death Wound of the Messiah

Posted on by K.B. Vogelman

Zechariah authored his prophetic book about the same time Zerubbabel led the Jews from Persia back to Jerusalem to rebuild the city and the Temple destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. Setting the historical familial context, Zerubbabel, was the grandson of Jeconiah, the last sitting king in the House of David,

Recognized as a prophecy by both Jewish and Christian authorities alike is Zechariah 12:10 – with a few twists. Within each of their own Jewish ranks are differing views about the meaning of the verse.

Jewish sage Rabbi Rash, in The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary referred to Sukkah (Succah) 52a, highlights an interesting debate that took place among the Talmud Rabbis. Initially, the rabbinic discussion focused on the topic of lust – whether men and women should be separated during worship and mourning services.

Rabbi R. Judah expressed through a question asking if the verse meant the Holy One would slay the Evil Inclination in the presence of both the righteous and the wicked during the Messianic age. The Rabb’s question changed the discussion:

Sukkah 52a:

“What is the cause of the mourning?

“R. Dosa and the Rabbis differ on the point. One explained, The cause is the slaying of Messiah the son of Joseph, and the other explained, The cause is the slaying of the Evil Inclination. “It is well according to him who explains that the cause is the slaying of Messiah the son of Joseph, since that well agrees with the Scriptural verse, And they shall look upon me because they have thrust him through, and they shall mourn for him as one mourneth for his only son; “but according to him who explains the cause to be the slaying of the Evil Inclination, is this [it may be objected] an occasion for mourning? Is it not rather an occasion for rejoicing? Why then should they weep?^[2]

With that question, the dialog switched direction generating a debate around the prophetic nature of Zechariah 12:10 itself.^[1] Jewish sages have generally concurred that Zechariah 12:10 refers to the Messiah and Rabbi Rashi later agreed with that meaning, too, in his commentary:^[3]

“…as one mourns over an only son: As a man mourns over his only son. And our Sages expounded this in tractate Sukkah (52a) as referring to the Messiah, son of Joseph, who was slain.” – Rabbi Rashi^[4]

Christian and Hebrew translations pose the biggest controversy centering around one Hebrew word, daqar. Translation of the word as either “pierced” or “thrust him through” is the issue.

Zech. 12:10 “And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplication; and they shall look unto Me because they have thrust him through; and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his first-born.” – Jewish Publication Society

^{Zech. 12:10} “And I will pour on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem the Spirit of grace and supplication; then they will look on Me whom they pierced. Yes, they will mourn for Him as one mourns for his only son, and grieve for Him as one grieves for a firstborn.” – New King James Version

Jewish Bibles commonly read the Messiah will be “thrust through,” while most Christian Bibles typically translate daqar as pierced, such as by nails.^[5] Neither of the interpretations are manifestly consistent with historical scriptural usage of the word.

Good News Translation and God’s Word Translation interprets daqar as “stabbed.” The Message and Contemporary English Version each translate the prophecy as piercing with a spear. Another takes the middle road with Bible in Basic English saying “wounded by their hands.”^[6]

Regardless if the Hebrew word is translated as “pierced” or “thrust through,” none of the interpretations clearly solves the dilemma of the manner of how the wound was to be inflicted – by nails or by a weapon? The answer may be found through scriptural language analysis.^[7]

Nine other times the Hebrew word daqar appears in the texts of the Old Testament/Tanakh including another appearance of the word in Zechariah.^[8] In all instances, daqar is used in the context of wounds inflicted by a type of weapon, such as a sword or spear. Applying this word usage definition to Zechariah 12:10, the wound was inflicted by means of a type of weapon.

John’s Gospel account of the crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth describes how he was both pierced by nails and had a spear thrust into his side when he was crucified.^[9] Later, John described the resurrected Jesus who suddenly appeared in a locked room where he invited the doubting Disciple Thomas to touch the healed wounds in his hands, feet and in his side. Taking the offer, the doubtful Thomas exclaimed in an excited utterance , “My Lord and my God!”^[10]

Were the Gospel accounts of the Jerusalem crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth a fulfillment of the Zachariah 12:10 prophecy when the slain Messiah was deeply wounded by means of daqar?

Updated February 20, 2025.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

REFERENCES:

[1] Sukkah 52a. Halakhah.com. Trans. Soncino Babylonian Talmud. n.d. pp 74-77, footnote #1-3. <http://www.halakhah.com/rst/moed/16b%20-%20Succah%20-%2029b-56b.pdf>
[2] Sukkah 52a, p 75. <http://www.halakhah.com/rst/moed/16b%20-%20Succah%20-%2029b-56b.pdf>
[3] “Rashi (Solomon Bar Isaac).” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13862-solomon-b-isaac-rashi>
[4] The Complete Jewish Bible – with Rashi Commentary. Zechariah 12:10. <https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16216#showrashi=true>
[5] “daqar.” Lexicon-Concordance Online Bible. n.d. <http://lexiconcordance.com/hebrew/1856.html> Benner, Jeff A. Ancient Hebrew Research Center. “Zechariah 12:10 | “Pierced him” or “Pierced me?”” 2022. <https://www.ancient-hebrew.org/studies-verses/zechariah-12-10-pierced-him-or-pierced-me.htm> Benner, Jeff A. Ancient Hebrew Research Center. Zechariah 12:10. image. 2022. <https://www.ancient-hebrew.org/studies-verses/files/landing_zechariah.png>
[6] Contemporary English Verson; Good News Translation; God’s Word translation; Zechariah 12:10. BibleHub.com. 2020. <https://biblehub.com/zechariah/12-10.htm> The Message; Bible in Basic English. Zechariah 12:10. NetBible.org. 2020. <http://classic.net.bible.org/verse.php?book=Zec&chapter=12&verse=10>
[7] Sapir, Avinoam. LSI Laboratory for Scientific Interrogation, Inc. n.d. <http://www.lsiscan.com/index.htm> “SCAN – Scientific Content Analysis (Statement Analysis).” Advanced Polygraph. 2011. <http://www.advancedpolygraph.com.au/scan.htm> “Introduction to Text Analysis: About Text Analysis.” Duke University | Libraries. 2017. <https://guides.library.duke.edu/text_analysis> “What Is the Definition of Textual Analysis?” Reference.com. 2018. <https://www.reference.com/education/definition-textual-analysis-a95087916fcb24cb> Pfarrer, Mike “What is content analysis?” University of Georgia | Terry College of Business. 2012. <http://www.terry.uga.edu/management/contentanalysis>
[8] “daqar.” NetBible.org. Hebrew text. <http://classic.net.bible.org/search.php?search=hebrew_strict_index:01856>
[9] John 19. NetBible.org. Greek text. Strong. “nusso <3572>” CR Matthew 27; Mark 15; Luke 23.
[10] John 20.

Implications of the Miracles

Posted on by K.B. Vogelman

Implications of the Miracles

Various reports of miracles, signs and wonders based on witness accounts are recounted by the authors of the Gospels. Some critics allege the Gospels are fictional books devised by Christian conspirators where restated miracles were used to make Jesus appear to be the Messiah.^[1]

Restoring a withered hand; giving sight to a man born blind; and raising people from the dead cannot be performed by medical professionals even with today’s modern medical advancements. Having power over the weather is a feat that cannot be replicated.

Cast-out demons recognized Jesus as the Son of God and always obeyed him. Exorcisms are difficult and dangerous, performed only by a few brave professionals who invoke the power of Jesus.

Possibly 35 miracles are recorded before the crucifixion of Jesus though some may be the same miracle recounted differently.^[2] Analysis of the four Gospel accounts through literary analysis is revealing.

Less than a third of the miracles are uniquely reported by the three Synoptic Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke – 5 by Matthew, 3 by Mark, and 5 by Luke and plus 5 narrated by John, totaling 17 exclusively chronicled miracles.^[3] Healing the Centurion’s son in Matthew and Jarius’ daughter in Mark and Luke involve two different sets of circumstances in location, position and by name.^[4]

Only one miracle is common to all four Gospels – the feeding of the 5000. Perhaps the most famous miracles is Jesus walking on water and it does not even appear in Luke!

All four Gospels contain accounts of Jewish religious leaders wanting retribution for Jesus when he performed miracles on the Sabbath. Ironically, Jewish leaders acknowledged miracles had occurred in order to criticize Jesus for performing them on the Sabbath.^[5]

Miracles performed by Jesus of Nazareth in the Gospels could demonstrate that Jesus is the Messiah, according to a Rabbi sage. At least one modern Jewish authority agrees with the accounts of miracles in the Gospels noting they define Jesus as a “miracle maker.”^[6]

“…Matthew, Mark, and Luke present a reasonably faithful picture of Jesus as a Jew of his time. The picture of Jesus contained in them is not so much of a redeemer of mankind as of a Jewish miracle maker and preacher. The Jesus portrayed in these three Gospels is, therefore, the historical Jesus.” – Encyclopedia Judaica

Jewish sage Rabbi Maimonides authored Mishneh Torah circa 1180 AD launching him into celebrity status and greatly impacted the Jewish community who sent him fan letters, often with questions.^[7] Maimonides’ responses to these letters are known as Responsa (Teshuvot).^[8]

One question posed by Rabbi Jacob al-Fayumi was in reference to the Isaiah 52-53 parashah prophecy. The Responsa, known as the Epistle Concerning Yemen, clarified Maimonides’ views about “the signs and wonders” performed by the Messiah:^[9]

“…there shall rise up one of whom none have known before, and the signs and wonders which they shall see performed by him will be the proofs of his true origin…” – Rabbi Maimonides

Detailed by all four Gospels, the greatest miracle story ever told is the self-resurrection from the dead by Jesus of Nazareth himself – the sole basis of Christianity. No credible evidence has ever been produced to debunk the miracle of the Resurrection.^[10]

Often overlooked are the miracles, signs and wonders recounted after the Resurrection. Nearly half were performed after that point.

Luke includes the eyewitness statement of Cleopas when the resurrected Jesus unknowingly appeared to him and his traveling partner on the road to Emmaus; sat down to dinner and prayed with him; then he vanished before their eyes.^[11]

Later that evening, Mark and Luke described when the resurrected Jesus suddenly appeared inside a locked room terrifying those present.^[12]John exclusively reports it happened again 8 days later with Disciple Thomas present.^[13]

John describes two more miracles that occurred days later at the Sea of Tiberius (Sea of Galilee).^[14]Outside of the Gospels in the Book of Acts written by the author of the Gospel of Luke, Jesus rose in the sky and disappeared into a cloud.^[15]

Miracles of Jesus of Nazareth also appear outside the Gospels in the Book of Acts.^[16] Disciple Peter addressed the miracles performed by Jesus of Nazareth:

^{Act 2:22} “Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth, a Man attested by God to you by miracles, wonders, and signs which God did through Him in your midst, as you yourselves also know…” _(NKJV)

Do miracles attest to the reality that Jesus of Nazareth was sent by God as the Messiah…and, if they do, what does that say about Gospels’ claim of the greatest and unique miracle, the Resurrection?

Updated December 11, 2024.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

REFERENCES:

[1] Gloag, Paton J. Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. pp vii-viii, 1-3. 1895. Online Books Page. Ockerbloom, ed. <http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008728595> “Gospel Contradictions.” 2000. Walker, ed. PositiveAtheism.org. n.d. <https://web.archive.org/web/20150324003025/http://www.positiveatheism.org/mail/eml9449.htm> Smith, Ben C. “Gospel manuscripts – The manuscripts extant for the four canonical gospels.” TextExcavation.com. 2018. <http://www.textexcavation.com/gospelmanuscripts.html> Vick, Tristan D. “Dating the Gospels: Looking at the Historical Framework.” Advocatus Atheist. 2010. <http://advocatusatheist.blogspot.com/search?q=Dating+the+Gospels> “New Testament.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11498-new-testament> Etinger, Judah. Foolish Faith. Chapter 6. 2018. FoolishFaith.com. <http://www.foolishfaith.com/book_chap6_history.asp> Shamoun, Sam. “The New Testament Documents and the Historicity of the Resurrection.” Answering-Islam.org. 2018. <http://www.answering-islam.org/Shamoun/documents.htm>
[2] “The Miracles of Jesus.” Bible.org. 2018. <https://bible.org/series/miracles-jesus> Fairchild, Mary. “Miracles of Jesus: Healing the Sick to Turning Water Into Wine.” ThoughtCo. n.d. <https://www.thoughtco.com/miracles-of-jesus-700158> Ryrie Study Bible. Ed. Ryrie Charles C. Trans. New American Standard. “The Story of Jesus.” “Part 13 –His Miracles of Nature.” n.d. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. <https://www.ccel.org/bible/phillips/CN171-MIRACLES.htm> “The Story of Jesus.” “Part 14 –His Healing Miracles.” n.d. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. <https://www.ccel.org/bible/phillips/CN175-HEALING.htm> “Gospel of John.” Theopedia.com. n.d. <https://www.theopedia.com/gospel-of-john>
[3] Fairchild. “37 Miracles of Jesus.” Ryrie. “The Miracles of Jesus.”
[4] Matthew 9:18; Mark 5:2 1; Luke 8:40; John 2:3, 4:46, 11:1.
[5] Matthew 12; Mark 3; Luke 6, 13; John 5, 9.
[6] “Jesus.” Encyclopaedia Judaica. p 246. CR “Jesus.” Encyclopedia.com. <https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/jesus> “Miracles.” YouTube. photo. 2017. <https://i0.wp.com/theodds.website/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Miracles-image.jpg?resize=300%2C169>
[7] Maimonides, Moses. Mishneh Torah. Moznaim Publications. Jewish year 4937 (1177 AD). Trans. Eliyahu Touger. Chabad.org. 2018. <https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1188356/jewish/Melachim-uMilchamot-Chapter-11.htm> “Melachim uMilchamot.” Chabad.org. n.d. Chapter 11.3. <https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1188356/jewish/Melachim-uMilchamot-Chapter-11.htm> Rich, Tracey R. “What Do Jews Believe?” Judaism101. 2011. <http://www.jewfaq.org/beliefs.htm>
[8] Mangel, Nissen. “Responsa.” Publisher: Kehot Publication Society. 2018. Chabad.org. 2014. <http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/107783/jewish/Responsa.htm>
[9] Isaiah 52:15. Maimonides .“Letter to the South (Yemen).” Neubauer and Driver. The Fifty-third Chapter of Isaiah According to the Jewish Interpreters. pp 374, 375. <https://books.google.com/books?id=YxdbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=advent&f=false>
[10] Matthew 28; Mark 16; Luke 24; John 20; I Corinthians 15. Strobel, Lee. The Case For Christ. 1998. Part 3.
[11] Luke 24; CR Mark 16.
[12] Mark 16; Luke 24. NET.
[13] John 20. NRSV.
[14] John 16. “Gospel of John.” Theopedia.com. “The Book of John.” Quartz Hill School of Theology. n.d. <http://www.theology.edu/biblesurvey/john.htm> Smith, Barry D. “The Gospel of John.” Crandall University. 2015. <http://www.mycrandall.ca/courses/NTIntro/John.htm>
[15] Acts 1.
[16] Acts 1:3, 15; I Corinthians 15. Irenaeus of Lyons. Against Heresies. Philip Schaf, ed. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Volume I. Book III, Chapter XIV.1. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 2005. <http://www.ccel.org/search/fulltext/Heresies> Aherne, Cornelius. “Gospel of Saint Luke.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. Volume 9. 1910. New Advent. 2015. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09420a.htm> Cline, Austin. “Luke the Evangelist: Profile & Biography of Luke.” About.com|Agnosticism/Atheism. n.d. <http://atheism.about.com/od/biblepeoplenewtestament/p/LukeEvangelist.htm> Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus, et. al. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Volume 9. “Luke.” pp 251. 1912. <http://books.google.com/books?id=lfoOtGOcIBYC&lpg=PA594&ots=6qoCfVVUz7&dq=wave%20sheaf%20encyclopedia&pg=PA594#v=onepage&q&f=false&gt

Veiled – a Genealogical Fact

Posted on by K.B. Vogelman

Veiled – a Genealogical Fact

Anyone who reads the Matthew and Luke Gospel genealogies of Jesus of Nazareth can easily see they are listed differently – Matthew chronologically starts with Abraham and Luke begins with Jesus of Nazareth going back to Adam. Variations occur leading detractors to say it proves the inaccuracy of the Gospels.^[1]

Divergence between the two Gospels occurs in the interim generations between King David and the birth of Jesus. Matthew and Luke genealogy lists have two names in common when they share ancestors at the end of the Babylonian captivity, Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel.^[2]

Matthew’s genealogy traces back to the House of David through Solomon while Luke tracks the lineage of Jesus back to David’s son Nathan, a different lineage path than Luke. Many experts believe Luke’s lineage is that of Mary and was assumed by Joseph under Judaic Law covering her inheritance rights as a Jewish female only-child.^[3]

“Biblical chronology ignores the mother in the lineal descent of generations. The census was conducted “after their families, by the house of their fathers” (Num. §, 2)>.” – JewishEncyclopedia.com

Hebrew genealogical records were not just limited to the land of Israel. Jewish historian Josephus wrote they were tracked and recorded by local priests and prophets for all Jews living “at Egypt and at Babylon, or in any other place of the rest of the habitable earth…with the utmost accuracy.”^[4]

Maximum religious importance was placed on Hebrew genealogy for the specific purpose of ensuring the purity of the lineage of the priesthood.^[5] Proof was required that a female was a Hebrew thus necessitating documented credible lineage history.

To become the wife of a Priest, a Jewish woman was subjected to the scrutiny of her “genealogy from the ancient tables” and Josephus used the historical Hebrew scenario to make his point. After the release of the Jews from Babylonian captivity, 565 priests were disqualified from the priesthood “having married wives whose genealogies they could not produce.”^[6]

As a former Priest and Pharisee, Josephus pointed to the Jewish lineage records by challenging anyone who questioned his own heritage to check the public records tracing his family’s ancestry going back 2000 years.^[7] This period of years equates to the same time span covering from Jesus back to Abraham.

Genealogies by Hebrew law were readily available in the Temple until it was destroyed by Rome in 70 AD, seven decades after the birth of Jesus. By law, these records had to include Joseph, Mary and the birth of Jesus.^[8]

Luke records that Joseph and Mary went “to Jerusalem” and paid a redemption price (implying at the Temple) for a sacrifice for a firstborn male in compliance with the Law.^[9] A sacrifice by a priest would not be performed unless the Hebrew lineages of Joseph and Mary were verified.

A truism in the world of investigation when information is being intentionally withheld, it is a strong signal to pay attention to it.^[12] Direct acknowledgement of the lineage of Jesus by Judaism is rare, practically unspoken; however, there are a few exceptions.

Talmud Sanhedrin 43a is a tractate that fell victim to the Censor in the Middle Ages. Restored, the missing content strongly infers that Jesus was of royal lineage because he was associated with the government or royalty; therefore, an exception was made for Yeshu (Jesus) from the Jewish Law for blasphemy or idolatry.^[10]

Sanhedrin 43a Gemara

“With Yeshu however it was different, for he was connected with the government [or royalty, i.e., influential].’” – Soncino Babylonian translation

“Rather, Jesus was different, as he had close ties with the government…” – William Davidson translation

Rabbi Maimonides, a Jewish sage who lived some 1200 years after the birth of Jesus, produced his renowned work, Mishneh Torah. The Rabbi denounced Jesus as one from the Davidic dynasty who had “aspired” to be the Messiah:^[11]

“If he did not succeed to this degree or he was killed, he surely is not [the redeemer] promised by the Torah. [Rather,] he should be considered as all the other proper and legitimate kings of the Davidic dynasty who died. Jesus of Nazareth who aspired to be the Moshiach and was executed by the court…”

Jewish sages agree that prophecies define the virtually undisputed requirement that the Messiah must be born in the lineage of King David. If Jesus of Nazareth was not born in David’s royal lineage, he could not be the Messiah.

Archenemies of Jesus, the Jewish leadership, were at ground zero with full access to the Temple’s complete Hebrew genealogical records dating back millennia. If the High Priest Caiaphas or the Jewish leadership had simply demonstrated that Jesus of Nazareth did not have royal legal rights to the House of David, it would eliminate any doubt that Jesus is the Messiah…but they didn’t.

What is the likelihood the archenemies of Jesus would have taken full advantage of the opportunity to disqualify Jesus as the Messiah if they could have just exposed Jesus of Nazareth was not of the royal House of David?

Updated October 12, 2025.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

REFERENCES:

[1] Lippard, Jim. The Secular Web. 2004. “The Fabulous Prophecies of the Messiah.” https://infidels.org/library/modern/jim_lippard/fabulous-prophecies.html> “Contradictions Part 6: Jesus’s Genealogy.” Finding Truth. 2011. <https://findingtruth.info/2011/03/11/contradictions-part-6-jesus-genealogy
[2] Matthew 1:1-16; Luke 3:23-38. Dolphin, Lambert. “The Genealogy from Adam to Jesus Christ” Idolphin.org. 2011. <http://ldolphin.org/2adams.html> Edersheim. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. Book II, Chapter 4. <http://philologos.org/__eb-lat/default.htm>
[3] “Paternity.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11939-paternity> “Historical Commentary: The Birth of Jesus.” Producer John Heyman. Film, Event 3. HistoricJesus.com. <http://www.historicjesus.com/3/history.html> Net.bible.org. Luke 3:23-38 footnotes 69 – 82. Life Application Bible – New International Version (NIV). “The Birth of Jesus” (Luke 2:1-20) History and Commentary.” Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton Illinois, and Zondervan Publishing House. 1991, 1790. Ryrie Study Bible. Ed. Ryrie Charles C. Trans. New American Standard. 1978. Matthew 1:1 Luke 3:23 Footnotes. The House of David. Global Empower Media. image. 2012. <http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_tfUQCGrAsk/UEhE1xBb8ZI/AAAAAAAAH6c/YlnNltTOjcc/s1600/David1.jpg> Edersheim, Alfred. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 1883. Book II, Chapter 4. Maas, Anthony. “Genealogy of Christ.” Catholic Encyclopedia. 2009. Volume 61909. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06410a.htm> Clarke’s Commentary on the Bible. Luke 3:23. BibleHub.com. n.d. <http://biblehub.com/commentaries/clarke/luke/3.htm> Gloag, Paton J. Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. 1895. “Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels.” Online Books Page. Pages ix, 39. <http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008728595>
[4] Josephus, Flavius. Against Apion. Book 1, #6-7. The Complete Works of Josephus. 1850. <http://books.google.com/books?id=e0dAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false> “Genealogy.” Jewish Encyclopedia.
[5] I Chronicles 1:24 – 2:10; II Chronicles 2:1-10; Ruth 4:18-21; Matthew 1:5; Luke 3:32. Josephus. Against Apion. Book 1, #6-7.“Genealogy.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6577-genealogy. “Siege of Jerusalem.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018. <https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Jerusalem-70> Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities of the Jews. Book III, Chapter XII.2. The Complete Works of Josephus. 1850. <http://books.google.com/books?id=e0dAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false>
[6] Ezra 2:61-62; Nehemiah 7:63-64. Josephus. Antiquity of the Jews. Book XI, Chapter III.10.
[7] Nehemiah 12:23. The Life of Flavius Josephus. #1. CR footnote “t”.
[8] I Chronicles 1:24 – 2:10; II Chronicles 2:1-10; Ruth 4:18-21; Matthew 1:5; Luke 3:32. “Genealogy.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6577-genealogy >> “Siege of Jerusalem.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018. <https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Jerusalem-70 >
[9] Luke 2:22-24. “First-born, Redemption of.” Jewish Encyclopedia. 2011. <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6138-first-born-redemption-of> Edersheim. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. Book II, Chapter 7.
[10] Soncino BabylonianTalmud. Ed. Epstein, Isidor. “Introduction to the Seder Nezikin.” Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Shachter & Freedman. “Introduction to Sanhedrin.” Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Sanhedrin Chapter VI, Folio 43a. Greenberg, Eric J. “Jesus’ Death Now Debated by Jews.” Jewish Journal. 2003. Reprinted from The Jewish Week. <http://jewishjournal.com/news/world/8546> Sanhedrin 43a. Sefaria.org. p 21 <https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.43a.22?lang=bi>
[11] Maimonides, Moses. (aka Rambam.) Mishneh Torah. Ed. Yechezkal Shimon Gutfreund, Brooklyn, NY: Sichos in English. “The Law Concerning Moshiach.” Kesser.org. n.d. <http://www.kesser.org/moshiach/rambam.html#SIE Maimonides. Mishneh Torah. Moznaim Publications. Jewish year 4937 (1177 AD). Trans. Eliyahu Touger. Chabad.org. 2015. “Sefer Shoftim” > “Melachim uMilchamot.” <http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/682956/jewish/Mishneh-Torah.htm
[12] “Deception in Research Guidance.” University of Wisconsin-Madison|KnowledgeBase. 2016. <https://kb.wisc.edu/page.php?id=68286> Sapir, Avinoam. LSI Laboratory for Scientific Interrogation, Inc. n.d. <http://www.lsiscan.com/index.htm “SCAN – Scientific Content Analysis (Statement Analysis).” Advanced Polygraph. 2011. <http://www.advancedpolygraph.com.au/scan.htm Lesce, Tony. “SCAN: Deception Detection by Scientific Content Analysis.” LSI Laboratory for Scientific Interrogations, Inc. 1990. <http://www.lsiscan.com/id37.htm Gordon, Nathan J.; Fleisher, William L. Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques. p12. 2011. <https://books.google.com/books?id=JuMzKpFu93IC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=interrogation+if+they+didn%27t+answer+the+question,+they+just+did&source=bl&ots=V4cf3Z1kjl&sig=NeRLKyFKMRr66SWtUQxbLrByKrY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_2Z3phb_aAhVBgK0KHWMQDOA4FBDoAQgtMAE#v=onepage&q=concealing%20information&f=false Napier, Michael R. Behavior, Truth and Deception. 2017. “Nonresponsive Subject.” p56. <https://books.google.com/books?id=eEUrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95&lpg=PT95&dq=Sapir+if+they+didn%27t+answer+the+question&source=bl&ots=95gjQFQYg9&sig=gUOEC7Aiq-yFgqUEA4VClHyzNhA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjspeHFkr_aAhVwjK0KHab-DF0Q6AEIRjAC#v=onepage&q=nonresponsive&f=false